Besides altering base-pairing properties, which directly affect the RNA structure and trans-interactions with other RNAs and proteins, the additional methyl group also introduces a new binding epitope for protein interaction partners. The m6A modifications …
Introduction Centrosomes are the major microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells (Azimzadeh & Bornens, 2007). Centrosomes cooperate with microtubules to play important roles in intracellular transport and cell division (O’Connell, 2000; Meraldi, …
Introduction Mitochondria interact with several membrane-delimited organelles within the cell, including the ER, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and trans-Golgi network vesicles (Tabara et al, 2021). Mitochondria–ER contact sites (MERCs), also called mitochondria- …
Abstract The presence of human neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment is strongly correlated to poor overall survival. Most previous studies have focused on the immunosuppressive capacities of low-density neutrophils (LDN), also referred to as …
Introduction A cell’s response to the extracellular environment is regulated by a complex interplay of diffuse and local signals, which are often determined by macromolecular complexes that form on the plasma membrane in response to microenvironmental cues …
Introduction Clathrin-mediated membrane traffic is critical for a range of biological processes including tissue development, neurotransmission, metabolism, and immunity (1, 2, 3). Clathrin-mediated endocytosis and recycling from endosomes are responsible …
Introduction The non-random packaging of chromatin within the nucleus is a universal feature of eukaryotic genomes. The three-dimensional (3D) spatial organization of chromatin could be partitioned at different levels based on the interaction frequency …
Introduction Severe cases of COVID-19 often result in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a life-threatening condition characterized by severe lung inflammation and compromised oxygenation, as with many other respiratory infections (1). ARDS poses …
Introduction Developing circuits have the ability to build specialized neural networks that can process and transmit information while the circuit itself continues to develop. As such, neurons in the developing nervous system face the challenging task of …
Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal, autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that results in aberrant transport of chloride, bicarbonate, and sodium ions (Kerem et al, 1989; Riordan et al, 1989; Rommens et al, 1989; …
Introduction Identification of the genes required for viability is key for both fundamental and applied biological research. Essential genes constrain genome evolution (Jordan et al, 2002; Bergmiller et al, 2012; Luo et al, 2015), define core cellular …
Introduction The circadian rhythm in the Drosophila brain is executed by 150 clock neurons including three groups of lateral neurons, s-LNvs (small ventral–lateral neurons), l-LNvs (large ventral–lateral neurons), and LNds (dorsal–lateral clock neurons), …
Introduction Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous eukaryotic Ser/Thr kinase that is indispensable for cell viability and that is involved in a vast array of physiological processes (Lozeman et al, 1990; Litchfield, 2003). It is composed of two catalytic …
Introduction To achieve high yields while ensuring reproducibility and high-quality in bioprocesses, it is essential to address the factors contributing to process variability. The variable conditions, also referred as perturbations, can be triggered by …
Introduction Posttranscriptional control of gene expression by RNA-binding proteins is vital to tightly regulate the expression of transcripts encoding cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) mRNA (Baou et al, 2011; Gerstberger et al, 2014; Fu …
Introduction A fundamental question in cell biology is how organelles are maintained in growing cell populations (Warren & Wickner, 1996; Mullock & Luzio, 2000; Giacomello & Pellegrini, 2016). In the case of particulate organelles, this occurs …
Importance of the 3′–5′ exonuclease proofreading activity of DNA polymerase ε for accurate duplication of genomic DNA in human cells In human cells, the accurate duplication of the six billion nucleotides that constitute the genome requires the action of …
Introduction Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has led to considerably improved prognosis of cancer patients across several different tumor types (i.e., melanoma, clear cell renal, non-small cell lung, head and neck, cervical, endometrial cancer, Hodgkin …
Abstract The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important biomedical model organism used in many disciplines. The phenomenon of developmental delay in zebrafish embryos has been widely reported as part of a mutant or treatment-induced phenotype. However, the …
Introduction Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults characterized by poor prognosis (Ostrom et al, 2015) linked to radiation and chemo therapy resistance. Recent studies reported that failure of radiation therapy is also …
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