When Abril Ramos first set foot on campus at Arizona State University as a first-year student, she had no idea she might be helping NASA astronauts accomplish the first moon mission in the 21st century.

“It’s crazy, especially seeing how it started,” says Ramos, who recently completed her junior year as a chemical engineering major in the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at ASU.

In the beginning of her engineering journey, Ramos had a simple mission: beat her brother. He had completed a chemical engineering degree at ASU, and Ramos thought if her older brother could do it, so could she — and she could do it better.

Ramos’ competitive spirit helped her take a risk in her sophomore year. She applied for an internship at SwiftCoat, an ASU spinout company based on research developments by Peter Firth, a Fulton Schools alumnus, and co-founded by Zachary Holman, the Fulton Schools vice dean for research and innovation.

Her decision has turned into a valuable learning experience that has shown the far reaches of where engineering can take her.

Ramos was also instrumental in helping SwiftCoat secure a spot as one of two companies funded by NASA to develop a new anti-fog coating for the spacesuits to be worn by the Artemis moon mission crew.

“SwiftCoat’s traction with both government grants and commercial customers shows that research at the Fulton Schools enables technology-driven products that have impact in the marketplace,” Holman says. “The fact that both Peter and Abril come from the Fulton Schools shows that ASU’s entrepreneurship ecosystem provides effective training pathways for engineers to succeed both in technology and business.”

Clearing the way for next-generation space missions

New anti-fog coatings are a crucial component of future space missions. Cold conditions in space make condensation inside spacesuit helmets a common issue.

In current spacesuits, astronauts apply a solution to the inside of the helmet bubble before exiting a spacecraft. However, the solution must be applied each time and can cause eye irritation — even temporary blindness, as Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield experienced during the STS-100 mission spacewalk.

NASA was unable to develop an anti-fog coating that could be consistently applied during manufacturing and hold up over prolonged use and cleaning, among other issues. A solution to the problem became one of dozens NASA sought as part of the highly competitive Small Business Innovation Research program, known as SBIR.

“Spacesuits protect us from the hazards of space, but not being able to see outside one could be life-threatening,” says Mark Kelly, a U.S. senator from Arizona and a former astronaut. “During one of my missions, a colleague got anti-fog solution in his eye during a spacewalk, so I know well the need for innovative solutions to these challenges.

"I’m glad to see that happening right here at ASU, which is playing a growing role in our space program.”

Embarking on an exciting mission

Ramos’ involvement all got started because of math. Those complicated equations engineering students learn are actually used in the real world, and SwiftCoat had one of those use cases.

In early 2023, SwiftCoat expanded into a 16,000-square-foot facility in north Phoenix.

“We spent the first six months designing and building the laboratory infrastructure,” Firth says. “After spending a half day trying to remember how to size a heat exchanger, I thought, ‘I could have done this in about 10 minutes when I was an undergrad. Maybe we should hire one to help with this kind of stuff.’”

Firth also saw an opportunity to enhance the quality of data collection at SwiftCoat.

“Our senior staff have a lot on their plates. Sometimes that means we must triage how much data we collect and how extensively we analyze it,” he says. “We thought if we trained an exceptional undergraduate student on how to use our coating systems and basic materials characterization techniques, they could really enhance what a senior engineer could accomplish in a week.”

So they hired Ramos.

“It was really nerve-wracking initially because I was their first intern and they didn’t really know what to do with me, and I didn’t really know what to do either,” Ramos says. “It was a learning experience on both sides.”

An opportunity to make a difference

Firth developed SwiftCoat’s core technology — a method for depositing thin films composed of nanoparticles over large areas, called Aerosol Impact Driven Assembly, or AIDA — using the ASU Core Research Facilities while he was a graduate student at ASU.

SwiftCoat initially used AIDA to produce self-cleaning coatings for windows and solar panels. As part of the company’s work with NASA, SwiftCoat expanded the capabilities of AIDA to include highly durable and transparent anti-fog coatings.

Ramos’ role involved managing what are called the “baseline processes” of the technology. She would run the coating process, take measurements and make sure it was within specifications. When it wasn’t — such as coming out too thin or too thick — she let the senior engineers know so they could figure out how to fix it.

“One thing she has done a really good job at over the last year or so is taking it from a point where 50% of the time we ran a process it was in spec, to 90% of the time now,” Firth says.

Accelerating development

One of the requirements of the SBIR program was to achieve a consistent coating, something SwiftCoat had begun to excel at.

Firth says more than 100 companies applied for the grant in early 2023, and SwiftCoat was one of five awarded Phase I funding. That was great news, but the program only allowed six months to make a prototype.

“Typically, coating development in general can last four or five times that long,” Firth says.

NASA was looking for five 1-by-1-inch samples of coated polycarbonate, a type of plastic, upon completion of Phase I of the SBIR program.

“In large part because of Abril’s help, we were able to deliver to NASA a 15-by-15-inch coated substrate, which is the scale they require for the final product,” Firth says. “Hitting that milestone on a compressed timeline gave NASA a lot of confidence that SwiftCoat will take this over the line.”

T-minus 2 years to new horizons

SwiftCoat is now one of only two ventures selected for SBIR Phase II awards, which include $900,000 in funding over two years. For Phase II, their goal is to have the coating prevent fog buildup over a minimum number of “breath cycles” and withstand necessary cleaning.

One of the two companies will likely have their coating used in space missions within the decade. It also has wider applications in the International Space Station and other commercial space exploration uses.

Ramos plans to continue working with SwiftCoat over the summer and during her senior year as the company strives to meet the SBIR Phase II challenge. She is joined by two new ASU interns this summer as the internship program has expanded due to her contributions to the team.

She is also embarking on the next phase of her chemical engineering education by starting the accelerated master’s degree program in the fall and exploring new ways she can apply her skills.

“Because my brother works on computer chips, I thought that was the only path you can go down as a chemical engineer, but it’s not,” Ramos says. “I didn’t know what thin films were when I started. Now I see they apply to NASA and so many other commercial applications.”

Ramos says she is inspired by Firth’s accomplishments with SwiftCoat and seeing other ASU engineering alumni working on an undertaking shared by only one other company.

“It’s really encouraging to see what ASU grads are doing and to know there’s a lot I can do with my education,” Ramos says. “I know there’s a lot of good that can come from this.”