Summary: Update -  The long-established process for decentralization, as anchored in Mali is institutional framework, has delivered results over the years. In particular, the communes1 have become pillars of the local sociocultural framework. For more than three decades, they have provided basic services, particularly in the education and health sectors, and somewhat initiated local development. Nevertheless, the lack of sufficient financial and human resources for local governments to handle their responsibilities has been a major impediment to local development and poverty reduction. Central government agencies deployed in the Malian hinterland, with little guidance and financing, was insufficient to boost local development. The question of decentralization has thus re-heated debates in the context of the Northern Mali crisis and its subsequent political and military instability.

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