[1] National Abortion Federation, “2022 Violence and Disruption Statistics,” 2023. https://prochoice.org/our-work/provider-security/.

[2] Karissa Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion: Inside the Largest Moral Reform Movement of the Twentieth Century (University of Illinois Press, 2017), 12.

[3] Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 85.

[4] Frederick Clarkson, “Anti-Abortion Movement Marches on After Two Decades of Arson Bombs and Murder, splcenter.org, September 15, 1998, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/1998/anti-abortion-movement-marches-after-two-decades-arson-bombs-and-murder.

[5] Sara Diamond, Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right (South End Press, 1989), 93.

[6] Susan Faludi, “Abortion Obsession: For Operation Rescue’s Randall Terry, shutting down clinics is only the beginning,” Mother Jones, November 1989, 61. 

[7] Police report, Women’s Health Services Inc., May 10, 1985, box 2, Claire Keyes papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[8] Rene Sanchez and Kathy Ann Waterman, “Abortion Factions Clash at MD. Clinic as Tension Rises,” Washington Post, November 19, 1989, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1989/11/19/abortion-factions-clash-at-md-clinic-as-tension-rises/d20cf088-3773-4083-8a3d-2ae9885d0130/; NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, “Protecting Access to Health Care for Women: A Guide to Legal Strategies to Prohibit Violence and Interference at Clinics,” n.d., 2, Merle Hoffman papers, Box 22, Duke University.

[9] Angie Leventis Lourgos, “Abortion opponents hold memorial at fetal burial sites amid battle over how these remains should be treated: ‘They are not trash, they are people,’” Chicago Tribune, September 20, 2019, https://www.chicagotribune.com/2019/09/20/abortion-opponents-hold-memorials-at-fetal-burial-sites-amid-battle-over-how-these-remains-should-be-treated-they-are-not-trash-they-are-people/.

[10] Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 80.

[11] Faludi, “Abortion Obsession,” 24, 61

[12] Mark Allan Steiner, The Rhetoric of Operation Rescue: Projecting the Christian Pro-Life Message (T&T Clark International, 2006), 8.

[13] Faludi, “Abortion Obsession,” 62.

[14] The Association of Religion Data Archives, Pro-Life and Rescue Movement – Timeline, https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/history/timelines/entry?etype=3&eid=31; Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion,106; “Update,” National Abortion Federation, Fall 1988, pg. 143, Box 1, Renee Chelian Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[15] Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 95.

[16] Steiner, The Rhetoric of Operation Rescue, 8.

[17] David Maraniss, “Lessons of a Summer of Abortion Protests,” Washington Post, August 26, 1991, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/26/lessons-of-a-summer-of-abortion-protests/8df22aad-ab32-4f4c-b777-f6b0baf83e4c/.

[18]David Maraniss, “Lessons of a Summer of Abortion Protests,” Washington Post, August 26, 1991, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/26/lessons-of-a-summer-of-abortion-protests/8df22aad-ab32-4f4c-b777-f6b0baf83e4c/.

[19] Aware Woman Center for Choice to Mayor Joseph Mullins, 11 March 1993, Box 1, Charlotte Taft Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[20] Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 105.

[21] Memo to NAF Institutional Members from Alice L. Kirkman, Public Affairs Director, “RE: ‘Operation Rescue’ Guidelines/National ‘Day of Rescue,’ 23 September 1988, National Abortion Federation, Box 1, Renee Chelian Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[22] Randall Terry to supporters, 15 October 1990, Box 2, Renee Chelian Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[23] Steiner, The Rhetoric of Operation Rescue, 10.

[24] Peg Johnston to Patricia Baird Windle, 5 February 1990, Box 2, Renee Chelian Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[25] Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 117.

[26] Jennifer Gonnerman. “The Terrorist Campaign Against Abortion,” The Village Voice, New York, November 10, 1998, https://www.villagevoice.com/the-terrorist-campaign-against-abortion/.

[27] Carol Mason, Killing for Life: The Apocalyptic Narrative of Pro-Life Choices (Cornell University Press, 2002), 33; Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 92.

[28] Sandi DuBowski, “Storming Wombs and Waco: How the Anti-Abortion and Militia Movements Converge,” Front Lines Research, Volume 2, no. 2, 1997.

[29] Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 107-109.

[30] Mason, Killing for Life, 56.

[31] Jennifer Gonnerman. “The Terrorist Campaign Against Abortion,” The Village Voice, New York, November 10, 1998, https://www.villagevoice.com/the-terrorist-campaign-against-abortion/.

[32] Sara Rimer, “The Clinic Gunman and the Victim: Abortion Fight Reflected in 2 Lives,” The New York Times, March 14, 1993, https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/14/us/the-clinic-gunman-and-the-victim-abortion-fight-reflected-in-2-lives.html.

[33] Press release from Rescue America, March 10, 1993, Renee Chelian papers, Duke, Box 2.

[34] “The Signers,” splcenter.org, September 15, 1998, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/signers.

[35] Jennifer Gonnerman, “The Terrorist Campaign Against Abortion,” The Village Voice, New York, November 10, 1998, https://www.villagevoice.com/the-terrorist-campaign-against-abortion/

[36] Various authors, “Killing Abortionists: A Symposium,“ First Things, December 1994, https://web.archive.org/web/20151201203437/ and https://www.firstthings.com/article/1994/12/killing-abortionists-a-symposium. “Mr. Hill did not engage in killing as his office work. He was moved to an awful, rare act, and he focused his lethal assault on a person who was about to engage directly, and deliberately, in the destruction of an innocent life. Unless we dismantle moral reasoning altogether, or remove the gradations that are critical to moral judgment, it should be evident that these two acts of killing cannot stand on the same moral plane,” Hadley Arkes wrote.

[37] “NAF Violence and Disruption Statistics: Incidents of Violence & Disruption Against Abortion Providers in the U.S. & Canada,” Annapolis Junction, MD: National Abortion Federation, 2007, https://www.prochoice.org/pubs_research/publications/downloads/about_abortion/violence_statistics.pdf.

[38] “A friend in Melbourne” to Dr. Whitney, 2 May 1994, Box 1, Folder 4, Charlotte Taft Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[39] Hate mail, Box 2, Claire Keyes Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[40] “Nuremburg Files: Alleged Abortionists and Their Accomplices.” Accessed archived website from July 9, 2010.

[41] Larry Schuster, “A Few ‘Careful’ Doctors Wear The Ultimate in Defensive Medicine: Bullet-Resistant Vests and Loaded Sidearms,” Internal Medicine News and Cardiology News, April 15, 1993; Box 1, Folder 4, Charlotte Taft Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[42] “Abortions: Still Legal but Less Available,” Washington Post, January 30-February 5, 1995, Box 20, Merle Hoffman Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[43] Deborah McQuaid, “Cleveland Abortion Clinic Workers Operate Under Siege Mentality,” Erie Times-News, October 29, 1999, Box 1, Folder 5, Charlotte Taft Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[44] Internal memo, August, and “Check list when you receive a bomb threat,” August 1, 1994, Box 21, Merle Hoffman Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[45] “Events of 12/30/1994” memo, Box 20, Merle Hoffman Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[46] “NAF Violence and Disruption Statistics: Incidents of Violence & Disruption Against Abortion Providers in the U.S. & Canada,” Annapolis Junction, MD: National Abortion Federation, 2007, https://www.prochoice.org/pubs_research/publications/downloads/about_abortion/violence_statistics.pdf .

[47] “2022 National Clinic Violence Survey,” Washington, D.C.: Feminist Majority Foundation, 2022, https://www.prochoice.org/pubs_research/publications/downloads/about_abortion/violence_statistics.pdf..

[48] National Coalition of Abortion Providers memo, January 12, 1995, Box 20, Merle Hoffman Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[49] Memo to Debbie of Intercity Agency from Choices Women’s Medical Center, RE: Security, January 11, 1995, Box 20, Merle Hoffman Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[50] Pete Simi, “Cycles of right-wing terror in the US,” in Right-Wing Radicalism Today: Perspectives from Europe and the US, ed. Sabine von Mering, Timothy Wyman McCarty (Routledge: 2013), 145-146.

[51] Brian Stelter, “Doctor’s Killer Is Not Alone in the Blame, Some Say,” The New York Times, June 1, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/02/us/02blame.html.

[52] Mirielle Jacobson and Heather Royer. “Aftershocks: The Impact of Clinic Violence on Abortion Services,” in American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, (American Economic Association: 2011), 189–223, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25760251.

[53] “3 THINGS EVERY WOMAN SHOULD KNOW BEFORE HAVING AN ABORTION,” 1989, Box 1, Renee Chelian Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[54] “For immediate release: Pro-life group announces new tactic,” Operation Goliath, 1992, Box 2, Renee Chelian Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[55] “Anti Harassment Activity Since July 1, 1991,” Box 2, Renee Chelian Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[56] Letter from Women’s Legal Action Coalition to Candis McPherson, January 16, 1992, Box 2, Renee Chelian Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[57] “For immediate release: Pro-life group announces new tactic,” Operation Goliath, 1992, Box 2, Renee Chelian Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

[58] Dawn Stacey, “The Pregnancy Center Movement: History of Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” Mother Jones, https://motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/cpchistory2.pdf

[59] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business, Consumer Protection and Patient Safety Issues Involving Bogus Abortion Clinics, 102nd Congress, 1st session, 1991, 65; Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 9.

[60] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business, Consumer Protection, 240.

[61] Ibid., 211-213.

[62] Ibid., 148.

[63] Ibid., 222.

[64] Ibid., 164.

[65] Melissa N. Montoya, Colleen Judge-Golden and Jonas Swartz, “The Problems with Crisis Pregnancy Centers: Reviewing the Literature and Identifying New Directions for Future Research,” International Journal of Women’s Health 14 (2022), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9189146/.