He pointed out that ethics seems to be lacking in our materialistically oriented modern education system. He mentioned meeting this morning with his old friend the psychologist Paul Eckman who outlined his thoughts for improving education, particularly with regard to mapping emotions and the way they work. The Mind Life Institute too begun as an opportunity for modern scientists and members of Asia’s contemplative traditions to exchange views is now actively engaged in investigating ways to control the destructive emotions which can be incorporated into our secular education system.

His Holiness said that some people believe that ethics needs to have a religious foundation. However, he favours the Indian model of secular ethics. This entails impartial respect for all religious traditions and even for those have no belief. This also finds expression in modern India’s secular constitution, drawn up to take account of India’s multi-religious, multi-cultural society. His Holiness noted that of the 7 billion human beings alive today, at least 1 billion claim not to have any faith, and they need to be included if ethics are to be reintroduced into our education system. Meanwhile, there are also many among those who think of themselves as religious who are either mischievous or not very serious or sincere in their practice, who need a sense of ethics.

At this point His Holiness digressed to speak about the worshippers of the perfidious spirit Dolgyal or Shugden who had been demonstrating in the street outside the hall as he arrived. They were shouting and waving banners, their faces contorted in aggressive expressions. It was people like these who murdered a good monk and his students as they worked to translate a scripture into Chinese one night in 1997 near His Holiness’s residence in Dharamsala, he said. Today, their slogan was ‘Stop lying’, but the question is who really is lying.

“Recently Pope Francis rebuked and suspended a German Bishop for living an extravagant lifestyle inconsistent with the teaching of the Catholic Church,” His Holiness reported. “He wanted to put a stop to such hypocrisy. Recently, in Eastern India when I was asked whether modern education gave sufficient guidance about ethics I pointed out that many smart, educated people are among the corrupt. Clearly more needs to be done to close the yawning gap between rich and poor. This involves ethics and won’t be achieved simply through prayer. It requires action based on truthfulness, honesty and transparency. These give rise to trust which leads to genuine friendship. And, because we are social animals, we not only need friends, but we are dependent on others for our very survival.

“Peace of mind and physical well-being are closely related. Some years ago, a scientist at Emory University told me that continuous anger, fear and suspicion tends to eat into our immune system. Besides, peace of mind and warm-heartedness bring confidence.”

His Holiness asked whether the world would be changed by governments or the United Nations and answered that change actually begins with the individual. He commended thinking of the 7 billion human beings as belonging to one great human family. And appealed to those who have children to show them affection and help them develop a broad perspective on the world.

Turning back once more to the topic of Shugden he declared that he had once worshipped the spirit himself. Gradually, however, he came to realise that there was something wrong with it, particularly in the context of the Buddhist tradition. He looked into its history and discovered that it had come about during the time of the 5th Dalai Lama, who had referred to it as a malevolent spirit arisen from distorted prayers that harms the Dharma and sentient beings. He suggested the protestors complain to the 5th Dalai Lama.

As His Holiness left his hotel, some nuns told him that it was a matter of religious freedom, but he sees it the other way. Worship of this spirit goes hand in hand with sectarianism and restrictions on religious freedom. He recalled wanting to receive transmission of a Nyingma teaching from Khunu Lama Rinpoche, and consulting his main tutor Ling Rinpoche. Despite having no connection at all with the worship of this spirit, Ling Rinpoche cautioned him against receiving the transmission for fear of the harm the spirit might do. He cited this as an example of his own religious freedom being constrained. He declared that it was only when he stopped worshipping Dolgyal that he was really able to enjoy religious freedom. The audience broke into applause.

“Due to ignorance and distorted information, the followers of this practice are completely confused. In India, they have their own monasteries where they can do what they want. Kelsang Gyatso, one of their teachers once told a reporter in England that the 14th Dalai Lama had done nothing beneficial for the cause of Tibet. Isn’t this something of a lie?”

Returning to the Nature of the Mind, His Holiness quoted a friend who once told him that all religions seek to answer three questions: What is the self? Does it have a beginning? And does it have an end? For religions that believe in a creator god, he creates the self, so it has a beginning, but it is unclear whether it has an end. For traditions like Jainism, aspects of the Samkhyas and Buddhism, there is no creator other than self-creation. For Buddhists the body has a beginning and end, but consciousness does not. Only Buddhists assert that there is no self separate from the body and mind, which is not to say there is no self at all.

Liberation is related to consciousness and Buddhism provides a great deal of explanation of the mind. In ancient India, His Holiness went on, traditions that engaged in cultivating single-pointed concentration and insight included profound explanations of the nature of mind. They explain that ultimately negative or destructive emotions are based on ignorance, the antidote to which is knowledge and awareness. Ignorance is the cause of suffering, but by using our human intelligence to the full we can overcome it. Once you can control your mind, he said, you can exercise full control of your body.

“Another indication of the continuity of mind and awareness,” His Holiness said, “is in those children who remember their previous lives. Ian Stevenson at the University of Virginia conducted exhaustive research into this. I myself met a couple of girls in India who had such memories and I’m told that as a young child I remembered aspects of my previous life, although today I can’t remember what happened yesterday.

”In the later part of the 20th century, scientists began to recognise something we call mind besides the brain. Then they discovered the plasticity of the brain. From the Buddhist point of view, nothing material will ever be the substantial cause of mind, nor will mind be the substantial cause of the body. Mind is said to have clarity, like water, and its nature is awareness.”

After briefly answering several questions from the audience, everyone stood respectfully for a unique performance of the Tibetan national anthem on piano and cello. After thanking the musicians and his hosts for inviting him, but before leaving the stage, His Holiness told the audience about the Tibetan flag that stood to one side. He explained that Mao Zedong had asked him in 1955 whether Tibet had a flag and on hearing that it did told him that it was important that it should be preserved and flown next to the Chinese one. His Holiness joked that while Chinese hardliners today complain of the Tibetan flag being a symbol of separatism, he feels Mao Zedong gave him permission to use it, which made everyone laugh.

Tomorrow, His Holiness will be speaking in Berkeley.